They’re Calling You the Problem Now

How “wine mom” became a warning label and why it matters now.

When I published We Don’t Listen To Black Women, I thought it would travel.

Not because it was perfect, but because it named something a lot of people know is true and still avoid.

Instead, the numbers came back like an insult.

It was an outlier in the wrong direction. One of my weakest performers out the gate.

At first I wondered if the answer was simple discomfort with race.

Then I started to see another burden in the room.

A lot of my readers are white liberal women. Many are over 50. Many live with a steady hum of threat: political threat, bodily threat, community threat, family threat.

When you feel under threat, your mind narrows. You scan for danger. You keep your people safe. You conserve emotional space.

And when you are doing that, you may not have the space to worry about a warning that asks you to widen your circle.

You may not have the bandwidth to sit with what Black women have been warning about for years, because you are busy managing the fear you already live with.

That psychic load matters here.

So here’s the question I’m following all the way down. Are White Liberal Women Becoming the Right Wing’s New Enemy?

Because this report follows what happens when fear becomes the organizing emotion, and the culture starts choosing new enemies to carry it.

TLDR

• Taylor Lorenz’s video “White Women Are MAGA’s New Enemy” argues the right is turning a specific type of white liberal woman into a target; this report checks that claim against records and cases. [1]

• The smear pipeline is consistent: stereotype (“wine mom”), delegitimizing label (“AWFUL”), then permission for harsher treatment. [1][9]

• “Race traitor” is a real targeting marker in federal cases, used in threats and intimidation to justify punishment. [18][21][22]

• Minneapolis and Portland show the flip from “protected” to “suspect” once solidarity becomes visible in public. [3][5][10][13]

If this moved you in any kind of way, do two things: restack it and share it.

Send it to one friend who keeps saying “it’s just online noise” as if threats don’t follow people home.

If you’ve been on the fence, hop it. A paid subscription is how you keep this indie outlet alive and keep this kind of reporting coming. Join here: https://www.xplisset.com/subscribe

The Taylor Lorenz conversation that lit the fuse

Taylor Lorenz’s video, “White Women Are MAGA’s New Enemy,” is a conversation about a cultural turn that has been easy to miss if you are only watching elections and not watching the language around them. [1]

The core claim in the conversation is that the right is not simply mad at “women.” It is increasingly mad at a specific type of woman: the white liberal woman who signals solidarity across race, immigration, and LGBTQ lines. In that storyline, she is not just wrong. She is disloyal. She is treated like a contaminant inside the tribe. [1]

Lorenz and her guest talk about how this contempt gets packaged as humor. The “wine mom” stereotype is one example. It sounds like comedy, but it does real work. It trains audiences to stop hearing a woman’s evidence by hearing a caricature first. [1]

The conversation also points to a newer label circulating online, “AWFUL,” short for “Affluent White Female Urban Liberal.” The label presents itself as critique, but it often functions like a shaming tool. It gives people a quick way to dismiss a woman as annoying, hysterical, or manipulative without engaging what she is saying. [1][9]

Most importantly, the video raises the “race traitor” theme. When a white woman is seen as standing with immigrants, Black and brown communities, or anti-racist movements, the right can frame her as betraying whiteness itself. The video is what pushed me to test that idea against public records and court documents, because “race traitor” is not only rhetoric. It shows up in threats, intimidation campaigns, and violence in federal cases. [1][18][21]

A scene that keeps repeating

You can see the dynamic Lorenz describes turn into a headline. On January 7, 2026, an immigration agent shot and killed Renée Good in south Minneapolis during a federal immigration enforcement surge. [2][3]

Federal officials said the agent acted in self defense and described the events leading up to the shooting as “an act of domestic terrorism.” Minnesota leaders disputed that description, pointed to video, and warned against turning an active investigation into a political speech. [5][6]

While the facts were still contested, a second narrative surged online and on television: ridicule aimed at a familiar character type, the white liberal woman. “Wine moms” became a punchline. “AWFUL” circulated as shorthand contempt for “Affluent White Female Urban Liberal.” [1][9]

The reporting question is simple: are some right wing and far right networks treating a specific kind of white woman as disloyal, disposable, or dangerous when she shows public solidarity across race and immigration lines. [1][9]

The split: “good” white women and “bad” white women

A repeatable split shows up across conservative media, influencer culture, and extremist subcultures. [1][9]

“Good” white women are framed as loyal wives and mothers. Their fears are treated as common sense. Their “protection” is used to justify hardline policies. [25][26]

“Bad” white women are framed as college educated, urban or suburban liberals. Their empathy is treated as vanity. Their solidarity is framed as betrayal. [1][9]

Documented examples show this split in action:

• In Minneapolis, after Renée Good was killed during a federal immigration enforcement surge, DHS Secretary Kristi Noem described the events leading up to the shooting as “an act of domestic terrorism,” while a parallel media narrative mocked the white liberal woman archetype as “wine moms,” and amplified the “AWFUL” label. [3][5][6][9]

• In Portland, the Wall of Moms became a national symbol during the 2020 protests; coverage documented tear gas and crowd control against crowds that included moms, and President Trump publicly dismissed the group as a “scam.” [10][11][12][13]

• In federal cases, white supremacists have used “Race Traitor” as a targeting label in threats designed to silence journalists and intimidate perceived enemies. [18][21]

• In a federal case in Massachusetts, a man was sentenced for threatening an interracial couple after seeing their engagement photos, including sexualized threats aimed at the white woman partner. [16][17]

It sends a clear signal: status is conditional. Protection is conditional.

A few definitions that keep the story honest

Right wing here means mainstream conservative politics and media: elected officials, party infrastructure, major talk radio and cable ecosystems, and high reach influencers who shape Republican aligned narratives.

Far right here means networks closer to organized political intimidation and white nationalist ideology, including groups and online communities that endorse ethno nationalism, anti democratic violence, or racial purity politics.

Domestic terrorism is a legal term with definitions in U.S. law, and it is also a political label that can be deployed in public long before a court tests the facts. Reporting and legal analysis around the Minneapolis shooting shows why experts warn against loose use of the term before investigations are complete. [5]

AWFUL is a meme label for “Affluent White Female Urban Liberal.” It presents itself as social critique but often works as delegitimization: it turns a woman’s speech into a stereotype so audiences hear “annoying” before they hear evidence. It borrows energy from older “Karen” and white feminism critiques, then repackages it as broad contempt aimed at silencing a political type. [9]

“Race traitor” is a phrase used in white supremacist ideology that frames race as a loyalty obligation. In practice, it operates like a target marker: it tells an audience who deserves punishment. Federal cases document the phrase in threats and intimidation campaigns. [18][21]

Why this target is useful

White women, especially in suburbs, are a large voting bloc. They also shape schools, local boards, churches, and neighborhood politics.

That is not abstract power. It is the power that decides what books stay on shelves, what teachers get defended, what gets taught about race, and what counts as “safety” in a community.

It is also the terrain where political movements recruit foot soldiers.

Conservative “parents’ rights” campaigns have used school board races, curriculum fights, and library challenges to argue they are protecting children from “indoctrination” and “sexualization.” The moral story is protection.

Liberal and progressive women have used motherhood and neighbor credibility to push back on state power, whether that means showing up at protests, organizing for gun safety, or creating community networks that track enforcement activity.

That clash makes white women useful as symbols.

For more than a century, white womanhood has been used to sell the public a moral story about “order.” When a white woman crosses the racial line, or even stands too close to it, she becomes a problem for that story. [25][26]

That is why ridicule is strategic. Labels like “wine mom” and “AWFUL” turn a person into a type. Once the type is mocked, harsh treatment becomes easier to justify. [9]

The older script: “protection” as a public excuse

The modern “traitor” frame echoes an older American script.

Reconstruction to Jim Crow: protection as justification

After Reconstruction, “protecting white women” became a public excuse for racial terror. Accusations that Black men threatened white women were used to rationalize lynching, segregation, and the broader machinery of white supremacy. Ida B. Wells documented how accusations could be fabricated or weaponized to convert mob violence into a moral crusade. [25][26]

Law: controlling the color line through marriage

Protection was also written into law.

For decades, anti miscegenation statutes policed who could marry whom. In Loving v. Virginia (1967), the Supreme Court struck down Virginia’s ban on interracial marriage, holding that the freedom to marry cannot be restricted by race. The case record shows how the state used criminal law to enforce racial boundaries in intimate life. [27]

Politics: using white women as a tool of white supremacy

A National Park Service history of suffrage politics documents a blunt strategy in the 1890s: some suffrage leaders argued to southern politicians that enfranchising women could help restore white supremacy because white women outnumbered Black women in the South. The point was white control. [28]

Mass movements: “protection” as brand

In the early 20th century, the Ku Klux Klan built mass political identity around “protecting” white Protestant women and children, while recruiting women into organizing and respectability work. The language of protection gave public cover to the work of intimidation.

The civil rights era: punishment for crossing the line

When white people, including white women, visibly crossed the line into Black-led struggles, punishment could be lethal.

• James Reeb, a white Unitarian Universalist minister who answered Dr. King’s call to come to Selma, was beaten by segregationists on March 9, 1965 and died two days later. [29]

• Viola Liuzzo, a 39 year old white mother of five from Detroit, was murdered by white supremacists on March 25, 1965 after participating in the Selma to Montgomery march, while driving civil rights workers. [30]

These cases show the pattern: white womanhood functions as “protected” when it stays inside the rules. Outside the rules, protection can flip into punishment.

Case study 1: Minneapolis, Renée Good, and the fight to name reality

What happened

Renée Good was killed on January 7, 2026 during a federal immigration enforcement action in Minneapolis. [2][3]

Major outlets reported an immediate clash over the meaning of what happened. Federal officials defended the agent’s actions. Minnesota officials disputed those claims and pointed to video evidence. [2][3]

The Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension later issued a statement saying it was not conducting a full use of force investigation because it lacked access to evidence, witnesses, and information needed to meet Minnesota investigative standards. The statement emphasized preservation of video evidence so it would not be lost. [4]

The “domestic terrorism” label

Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem described the events leading up to the shooting as “an act of domestic terrorism.” [6]

A PolitiFact analysis noted that experts questioned the use of that label and warned that the term can be used rhetorically in ways that do not match the law. The piece explains that the U.S. does not have a single domestic terrorism statute that lets officials “designate” a person as a domestic terrorist the way the public often assumes. [5]

The parallel narrative about white women

At the same time, a cultural narrative moved fast.

The function of “wine mom” and “AWFUL” is to lower the status of the person speaking. It trains the audience to hear “annoying” instead of “witness.” [1][9]

A Vox analysis argued that “AWFUL” is a descendant of earlier critiques of white feminism and “Karen” behavior, but that the label now functions as broad contempt under a thin veil of political commentary. [9]

The enforcement surge context

A Reuters report later said ICE’s acting director described video review as showing that two federal officers appeared to have lied under oath in a separate Minneapolis shooting case tied to the surge, and that the officers were placed on administrative leave while the U.S. Attorney’s office investigated. [7]

Time reported that the administration later announced the end of “Operation Metro Surge,” the Minneapolis enforcement push, after public outcry and fatal shootings. [8]

This matters because it shows an environment where truth claims, video evidence, and official narratives are in open conflict.

Case study 2: Portland’s Wall of Moms and the battle over legitimacy

Portland in summer 2020 shows the whole cycle: a new symbol forms, the state responds, and the media war follows. [10][11][12]

What happened, and when

• July 18, 2020: Organizers called for moms to form a human barrier outside the federal courthouse. Early reporting described women in helmets linking arms, chanting “Feds stay clear! Moms are here!” and being met with tear gas and flash bangs. [10][11]

• July 20–22, 2020: The image scaled. National coverage described moms in sunflower yellow shirts and protective goggles, linking arms at the Mark O. Hatfield U.S. Courthouse. One widely circulated clip shows the moms turning a protest chant into a lullaby: “Hands up, please don’t shoot me.” [10][11]

• Tactics and escalation: Coverage documented protesters using leaf blowers to push back tear gas canisters’ aerosol clouds, a tactic compared to protest tactics in Hong Kong. [10]

• July 22, 2020: Portland’s mayor, Ted Wheeler, attended and was tear gassed, later condemning federal tactics. [12]

The counterframe

Once the Wall of Moms went viral, the language shifted. The moms were framed as a performance, a trick, or a cover for disorder. [10][13]

President Trump publicly dismissed the Wall of Moms as a “scam.” Other commentary treated the moms as shields for “anarchists,” aiming to turn “mother” into “fraud.” [13]

Case study 3: an engagement post, then a terror file

Federal records show how fast “traitor” logic can turn into targeted intimidation. [16][17]

The trigger

In late December 2020, a couple announced their engagement on Facebook and posted photos. The victims were a white woman and a Black man. The defendant did not know them personally, but could see the post because of shared connections. [16][17]

The messages

On January 6, 2021, the defendant sent a series of Facebook Messenger messages filled with racist slurs and threats. Court filings described threats to burn Black people alive and sexualized threats aimed at the white woman, including threats to rape and kill her and to mail body parts to family members. [16][17]

When the couple said they were going to law enforcement, the defendant escalated. The record includes a “snitches get stitches” message accompanied by an image of brass knuckles. [16][17]

The obstruction

The federal case was not only about threats. It was also about pressure and intimidation meant to stop the victims from reporting. The defendant pleaded guilty to transmitting threats and to witness and victim tampering by intimidation and harassment. [17]

The sentence and what investigators found

A federal judge sentenced the defendant to 90 months in prison followed by supervised release. [16]

Court filings described an extensive criminal history. Investigators also recovered a cache of weapons during a search of his residence and noted white supremacist symbolism and hate content on his social media. [16]

Why this case matters here

This is “race traitor” logic in action.

It begins with a simple crossing of a racial boundary in public. It escalates into threats meant to punish the couple and scare anyone watching. It uses sexual humiliation and brutality to discipline the white woman partner. [16][17]

Case study 4: Charlottesville and the cost of public refusal

Charlottesville is part of the record because it shows the far right’s willingness to use lethal violence against people who publicly oppose white nationalist politics. [14][15]

The rally

On August 12, 2017, white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia for the “Unite the Right” rally. DOJ reporting on the case notes that rally participants engaged in chants expressing racist and anti-Semitic views. [14][15]

Law enforcement declared an unlawful assembly and ordered participants to disperse. [14][15]

The attack

According to DOJ, the defendant drove his car down Fourth Street toward a racially and ethnically diverse crowd of counter protesters gathered near the intersection of Fourth and Water Streets. He stopped, observed the crowd, reversed, then accelerated into it. [14][15]

Heather Heyer was killed. Dozens of people were injured. [14][15]

The federal outcome

The DOJ reported that the defendant pleaded guilty to 29 violations of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act and was sentenced to life in prison. DOJ described the attack as a hate inspired act of domestic terrorism. [14][15]

Why this case matters here

The “protection” story is a myth when politics turns violent.

White women can be framed as precious symbols in one storyline and treated as targets in another, depending on whether they are perceived as helping maintain the racial order or resisting it.

Race traitor as a targeting label

The phrase “Race Traitor” appears in federal records as more than an insult. It appears as a marker used to justify intimidation and violence. [18][21][22]

A journalist targeted for reporting

In 2024, the U.S. Attorney’s Office in the Eastern District of New York announced that Nicholas Welker, leader of Feuerkrieg Division (FKD), was sentenced to 44 months in prison for conspiring to make death threats against a Brooklyn journalist who reported on the neo-Nazi group. [18]

According to court filings described in DOJ materials, the threat included an image of the journalist with a gun aimed at his head and the words “Race Traitor” over the journalist’s eyes. DOJ materials also describe the threat being posted online, listing the journalist and employer, and being pushed directly at the journalist by co conspirators. [18][21]

The point of the label is clarity. It tells followers who deserves punishment. It aims to silence reporting through fear. [18][21]

A “race traitor” used to justify assault

In a federal civil rights case involving assaults by corrections officers in Eastern Kentucky, DOJ reporting describes an officer calling an inmate a “race traitor,” followed by an assault and a cover up involving false reports. [22]

The label functions the same way: it marks a person as disloyal and makes violence feel justified to the attacker. [22]

Why the label matters

“Race traitor” language draws a bright line.

It treats race as a duty.

It reframes empathy, solidarity, interracial intimacy, and public dissent as betrayal.

And it can serve as a trigger for harassment waves, threats, and, in documented cases, violence. [18][21][22]

How the targeting works

The targeting is a set of repeatable moves.

1) Name her, then shrink her

When a woman speaks against aggressive immigration enforcement or supports racial justice, the response often starts with a status attack.

She is “hysterical.” She is “brainwashed.” She is “a wine mom.” [1][9]

The goal is to make the audience stop hearing her words.

2) Flip care into vanity

A strong moral claim is reframed as personal performance.

Empathy becomes attention seeking.

Solidarity becomes guilt relief.

3) Turn law into a moral story

The “domestic terrorism” label in Minneapolis shows how quickly official language can turn an event into a morality play. [5][6]

Once someone is branded as a “terrorist,” the public becomes more tolerant of extreme force.

4) Use sexual humiliation as discipline

The Massachusetts interracial couple case shows how punishment gets gendered. [16][17]

Threats to rape or sexually degrade are tools of control. They are designed to teach a lesson to the target and to anyone watching. [16][17]

5) Swarm dynamics

Online abuse often moves in waves.

A public figure signals that a person is a legitimate target. Then a crowd joins in.

Pew Research Center reports that 41% of U.S. adults have experienced online harassment and that many targets connect harassment to politics and gender. [23]

The trap: critique that gets stolen

The label “AWFUL” did not appear out of nowhere. It rides on a real argument inside liberal politics: that some forms of white feminism can ignore, minimize, or even harm women of color. [9]

The “Karen” critique comes from a real history too. When a white woman uses her social status to summon punishment onto someone else, especially a person of color, that is power. People named it because it needed a name.

The trap shows up when the critique loses precision.

Once “white feminism” becomes a catchall insult, and once “Karen” becomes a joke category, the language stops correcting behavior and starts disciplining women in general. It becomes a way to say, “shut up,” while sounding like social critique.

The Vox analysis of “AWFUL” argues that this flattening is part of the story: a term that borrows the tone of accountability can end up working like contempt. In practice, it can turn a woman’s speech into a stereotype so audiences stop hearing her evidence. [9]

That is why the “wine mom” and “AWFUL” language matters in a story like Minneapolis. Those terms do not simply mock. They lower a person’s legitimacy. They prepare the public to treat certain women as disposable once the state, or a media ecosystem, decides they are a problem. [9]

The broader numbers that shape the background

Big datasets cannot explain a single incident. They can show whether intimidation and bias driven harm are common enough to be part of the environment.

The Justice Department reports that the FBI recorded 11,679 hate crime incidents in 2024, involving 14,243 victims. Most single bias incidents were motivated by race, ethnicity, or ancestry. [24]

Online harassment sits in the background of this story as a delivery system.

Pew Research Center reports that 41% of U.S. adults have experienced online harassment. Pew also reports that many people who are harassed believe it happened because of their politics, and that harassment can include severe forms like threats, stalking, and sustained targeting. [23]

For readers over 50, the key detail is this: harassment often follows visibility. The moment a person becomes a symbol in a viral conflict, strangers feel permission to pile on. [23]

The chain to track

The pattern shows up most clearly as a chain.

Trigger

A visible act of cross racial solidarity happens in public.

In Portland, the trigger was mothers linking arms outside a federal courthouse to oppose federal tactics and support Black led protest goals. [10][11]

In Minneapolis, the trigger was a public confrontation around immigration enforcement that ended in a fatal shooting and a national fight over video evidence and official narratives. [2][3][4]

In the Massachusetts threats case, the trigger was as simple as an interracial couple posting engagement photos. [16][17]

In the EDNY case, the trigger was a journalist reporting on a neo Nazi group. [18][21]

Amplification

A label spreads that tells audiences how to feel.

In Portland, the “Wall of Moms” image was met with a counterframe that treated the women as a scam. [13]

In Minneapolis, “domestic terrorism” shaped how some audiences interpreted the shooting, while “wine moms” and “AWFUL” shaped how some audiences interpreted the women associated with protest culture. [5][6][9]

In the EDNY threats case, the label was explicit. The threat image placed the words “Race Traitor” on the journalist’s face. [18][21]

Consequences

The consequences vary by target, but the direction stays consistent.

In the Massachusetts case, threats escalated into witness and victim tampering, then a 90 month federal sentence. [16][17]

In the EDNY case, the threats listed the journalist and employer and were pushed directly at him by co conspirators, using the “Race Traitor” marker as a public signal. [18][21]

In Minneapolis, officials’ public language and media framing fought over what the public was supposed to tolerate: who counts as a witness, who counts as a threat, and who deserves protection. [2][3][5]

Bottom line

Documented cases and recent reporting show a consistent pattern.

A subset of right wing and far right ecosystems treat certain white women as disloyal when those women show public solidarity across race and immigration lines. [1][9]

The enforcement mechanism is social and political: strip legitimacy through labels, justify harsh treatment through “security” language, and use intimidation to warn others. [5][9][18]

The “Race Traitor” phrase appears in federal records as a targeting marker used to justify threats and violence. It functions as a bright line: loyalty on one side, punishment on the other. [18][21][22]

In that world, “protection” is not a promise. It is a reward for obedience. When obedience ends, punishment begins.

Conclusion

When I published We Don’t Listen To Black Women, the numbers came back quiet. That quiet was not the whole story, but it was a clue.

Fear takes up space. Threat takes up space. And when your mind is packed wall to wall with threat, you start editing reality. You stop widening the circle. You stop listening for warnings you did not personally request.

That is how a country misses the early alarm.

And that is how a country gets trained to accept a new enemy.

Look at the pattern in these cases. A woman shows up as a witness, and she gets shrunk into a stereotype. A mother links arms, and she gets reframed as a scam. A protest turns into “domestic terrorism” before the facts are settled. A journalist reports, and “Race Traitor” gets stamped on his face like a target. [5][9][10][13][18]

They want to discipline your empathy. They want to discipline your attention. They want to discipline your courage.

Do not let them teach you to hate your own empathy.

Do not let them teach you that solidarity is betrayal.

Do not let them teach you that women who show up are the problem.

If you felt the psychic load I described in the opening, here is the hard truth. The load does not get lighter by looking away. It gets heavier. It gets quieter. It gets more lonely.

The only relief that lasts is clarity. The only clarity that lasts is evidence.

If you want this indie outlet to keep pulling records, reading cases, and following the chain from label to threat to consequence, step off the fence.

---

Sources

1. Taylor Lorenz, YouTube. “White Women Are MAGA’s New Enemy.”

2. Reuters. “U.S. federal agent involved in Minneapolis shooting during immigration surge.” https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-federal-agent-involved-minneapolis-shooting-during-immigration-surge-city-2026-01-07/

3. Associated Press. Minneapolis ICE shooting coverage (Renée Good reporting and follow ups). https://apnews.com/article/ice-shooting-minneapolis-minnesota-9aa822670b705c89906f2c699f1d16c5

4. Minnesota Department of Public Safety, BCA. “BCA statement regarding investigation of ICE fatal shooting in Minneapolis” (Jan. 8, 2026). https://dps.mn.gov/news/bca/bca-statement-regarding-investigation-ice-fatal-shooting-minneapolis

5. PolitiFact. “Experts question Kristi Noem calling Renee Good a ‘domestic terrorist.’ Here’s what it means” (Jan. 8, 2026). https://www.politifact.com/article/2026/jan/08/Renee-Good-Noem-domestic-terrorism-Minneapolis/

6. FOX 9 Minneapolis-St. Paul. “Kristi Noem calls actions leading up to ICE shooting ‘an act of domestic terrorism’” (Jan. 7, 2026). https://www.fox9.com/news/kristi-noem-calls-actions-leading-up-ice-shooting-terrorism-jan-2026

7. Reuters. “Federal officers appear to have lied about lead-up to immigrant shooting, ICE director says” (Feb. 13, 2026). https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/federal-officers-appear-have-lied-about-lead-up-immigrant-shooting-ice-director-2026-02-13/

8. Time. “Trump Administration Announces End to Surge in Immigration enforcement in Minneapolis” (Feb. 2026). https://time.com/7377981/minneapolis-ice-tom-homan-trump-immigration/

9. Vox. “How the left taught the right to hate white women” (AWFUL explained). https://www.vox.com/culture/478901/awfuls-affluent-white-female-urban-liberal-explained

10. NPR (via WBUR). “In Portland, A ‘Wall Of Moms’ And Leaf Blowers Against Tear Gas” (July 22, 2020). https://www.wbur.org/npr/894197681/in-portland-a-wall-of-moms-and-leaf-blowers-against-tear-gas

11. Glamour. “A ‘Wall of Moms’ Was Teargassed While Protecting Protesters in Portland, Oregon” (July 2020). https://www.glamour.com/story/a-wall-of-moms-portland-oregon

12. Time. “Portland Mayor Tear Gassed at Protests, Accuses Federal Officers of Engaging in ‘Urban Warfare’” (July 23, 2020). https://time.com/5870622/portland-mayor-tear-gassed/

13. Business Insider. Trump calls Portland’s “Wall of Moms” a “scam.” https://www.businessinsider.com/portland-protests-trump-calls-wall-of-moms-scam-2020-7

14. Office of Public Affairs, DOJ. “Ohio Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Federal Hate Crimes Related to August 2017 Car Attack at Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia” (June 28, 2019). https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/ohio-man-sentenced-life-prison-federal-hate-crimes-related-august-2017-car-attack-rally

15. Office of Public Affairs, DOJ. “Ohio Man Pleads Guilty to 29 Federal Hate Crimes for August 2017 Car Attack at Rally in Charlottesville” (Mar. 27, 2019). https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/ohio-man-pleads-guilty-29-federal-hate-crimes-august-2017-car-attack-rally-charlottesville

16. U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (District of Massachusetts). “Massachusetts Man Sentenced to More Than Seven Years in Prison for Threatening and Harassing Interracial Couple and Obstructing Justice” (June 10, 2024). https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/massachusetts-man-sentenced-more-seven-years-prison-threatening-and-harassing

17. U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (District of Massachusetts). “Massachusetts Man Pleads Guilty to Threatening and Harassing Interracial Couple and Obstructing Justice” (Mar. 20, 2024). https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/massachusetts-man-pleads-guilty-threatening-and-harassing-interracial-couple-and

18. U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (Eastern District of New York). “White Supremacist Leader Sentenced to 44 Months in Prison for Conspiring to Make Death Threats Against Brooklyn Journalist” (Apr. 19, 2024). https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/white-supremacist-leader-sentenced-44-months-prison-conspiring-make-death-threats

19. U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (Eastern District of New York). “California Man Charged with Conspiring to Make Death Threats Against Brooklyn-Based Journalist” (Mar. 21, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/california-man-charged-conspiring-make-death-threats-against-brooklyn-based-journalist

20. U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (Eastern District of New York). “Leader of White Supremacist Group Pleads Guilty to Conspiring to Make Death Threats Against Journalist” (Sept. 27, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/leader-white-supremacist-group-pleads-guilty-conspiring-make-death-threats-against

21. DOJ Hate Crimes. “Hate Crimes Case Examples” (includes the ‘Race Traitor’ threat example). https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crimes-case-examples

22. Office of Public Affairs, DOJ. “Former Kentucky Federal Corrections Supervisor Sentenced to 66 Months for Leading Cover-Ups of Inmate Assaults and Making False Reports” (Feb. 6, 2025 update). https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/former-kentucky-federal-corrections-supervisor-sentenced-66-months-leading-cover-ups-inmate

23. Pew Research Center. “The State of Online Harassment” (Jan. 13, 2021). https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/

24. U.S. Department of Justice. “Hate Crime Statistics: FBI Releases 2024 Hate Crime Statistics” (updated Sept. 24, 2025). https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crime-statistics

25. SSRC Items. “Ida B. Wells and the Economics of Racial Violence.” https://items.ssrc.org/reading-racial-conflict/ida-b-wells-and-the-economics-of-racial-violence/

26. Equal Justice Initiative. “From Slavery to Segregation.” https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/from-slavery-to-segregation.html

27. Loving v. Virginia, Oyez. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1966/395

28. National Park Service. “Nemesis: The South and the Nineteenth Amendment.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nemesis-the-south-and-the-nineteenth-amendment.htm

29. National Park Service. “Reverend James Reeb.” https://www.nps.gov/people/reverend-james-reeb.htm

30. National Park Service. “Viola Liuzzo.” https://www.nps.gov/people/viola-liuzzo.htm